Chapter 18
Melachim ב (Kings II (A Teachers' Guide
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Chapter 18
Verse 1:
ויהי בשנת שלוש להושע
בן אלה מלך ישראל מלך חזקיה בן אחז מלך יהודה
חזקיה
His name hints at his accomplishments: "שחיזק את ישראל לאביהם שבשמים" - he strengthened [the ties of the people of] Israel to their Father in Heaven. (Sanhedrin 94a; Me'am Lo'ez)
Verses 2-3:
בן עשרים וחמש שנה היה
במלכו ועשרים ותשע שנה מלך בירושלים ושם אמו אבי בת זכריה
ויעש הישר בעיני ה'
ככל אשר עשה דוד אביו
ויעש הישר בעיני ה'
The time of Hizkiyah was marked by an increase in the study of Torah. As Chazal say (in Sanhedrin 94b), Hizkiyah:
"נעץ חרב על
פתח בית המדרש ואמר: כל מי שאינו עוסק בתורה ידקר בחרב זו. בדקו מדן ועד באר שבע
ולא מצאו עם הארץ, מגבת ועד אנטיפטריס ולא מצאו תינוק ותינוקת, איש ואשה, שלא היו
בקיאין בהלכות טומאה וטהרה."
"stuck a sword at the entrance to the study hall and said: Anyone who does not learn Torah will be pierced with this sword. They checked from Dan to Beer Sheva, and could not find one ignoramous; and from Gvat to Antipatris, and could not find any child, or man or woman, who were not well versed in the laws of purity and impurity."
Verse 4:
הוא הסיר את הבמות
ושיבר את המצבות וכרת את האשרה וכיתת נחש הנחושת אשר עשה משה כי עד הימים ההמה היו
בני ישראל מקטרים לו ויקרא לו נחושתן
את הבמות
These were altars that were used to sacrifice to Hashem, they were nevertheless prohibited once the Temple had been built. (Metzudat David)
וכיתת נחש הנחושת אשר
עשה משה
This was the same copper serpent that Moshe made to save the Jews in the desert, when they were attacked by poisonous serpents (see Bemidbar 21:4-9). Moshe Rabbeinu had created it to help the Jews turn their hearts towards Hashem, and thus be cured. Instead, it had become an object of worship in itself.
מקטרים לו
The people believed that this serpent had inherent healing powers - that the people in the desert had been cured just by looking at it. (Metzudat David)
ויקרא לו נחושתן
1. Hizkiyah called the serpent by this name when he destroyed it, thus emphasizing that it was just a chunk of copper, possessing no powers of its own. (Radak)
2. The people who worshipped it called it by this name. (Radak, Targum Yonatan)
The students should discuss which pshat is closer to the simple understanding of the verse. The first view is based on the verb here being in singular: "He called it". The second one sees it as relating to the subject of that section of the verse.
Verse 5:
בה' אלוקי ישראל בטח
ואחריו לא היה כמוהו בכל מלכי יהודה ואשר היו לפניו
ואחריו לא היה כמוהו
This is referring to Hizkiyahu's level of faith - bitahon. We find a similar statement about Yoshiyahu: "וכמוהו לא היה לפניו" - referring to Yoshiyahu's great acts of teshuvah. See Melachim II 23:25. (Malbim)
After reading this verse, the students should read the verse relating to Yoshiyahu. They should write both verses in their notebooks, underlining the contradicting phrases. They should then study both verses carefully, and circle the words that characterize the uniqueness of each king: Hizkiyahu is characterized by the word בטח, and Yoshiyahu - by the word שב.
Verse 7:
והיה ה' עמו בכל אשר
יצא ישכיל וימרוד במלך אשור ולא עבדו
וימרוד במלך אשור ולא
עבדו
1. Hizkiyahu's father, Ahaz, was a loyal servant of Assyria - see Melachim II 16:7. Therefore, Hizkiyahu's refusal to serve Assyria was considered a rebellion. (Radak)
2. Hizkiyahu's rebellion against Assyria was based on his tremendous faith in Hashem. (Radak, Me'am Lo'ez)
Verse 8:
הוא היכה את פלשתים עד
עזה ואת גבוליה ממגדל נוצרים עד עיר מבצר
ממגדל נוצרים
This was the tower upon which the watchmen stood. (Metzudat David)
Verse 9:
ויהי בשנה הרביעית
למלך חזקיהו היא השנה השביעית להושע בן אלה מלך ישראל עלה שלמנאסר מלך אשור על
שומרון ויצר עליה
עלה שלמנאסר מלך אשור
על שומרון
The story of the exile of the Ten Tribes, which appeared in the previous chapter, is repeated here in shortened form in verses 9-12. This is done to show the contrast between what was happening in Yehudah and what was happening in Israel. The narrator is emphasizing that it was not the might of Assyria which led to its victory over the kingdom of Israel, but rather the lack of religious conviction of the people. Assyria, which had vanquished the kingdom of Israel, had no power over Jerusalem, led by the righteous Hizkiyahu. (Metzudat David)
The students should be asked to find the verse in this section that supports this thesis of the Metzudat David.
Verse 12:
על אשר לא שמעו בקול
ה' אלוקיהם ויעברו את בריתו את כל אשר ציווה משה עבד ה' ולא שמעו ולא עשו
ויעברו את בריתו
Hashem's covenant - brit - is the Torah, which was given as a covenant.
ולא שמעו ולא עשו
"They did not hear and did not do" - Learning the commandments causes one to keep them, and vice versa. (Me'am Lo'ez)
Verse 13:
ובארבע עשרה שנה למלך
חזקיה עלה סנחריב מלך אשור על כל ערי יהודה הבצורות ויתפשם
עלה סנחריב מלך אשור
Sanheriv was the son of Saragon, and the grandson of Shalmaneser. (Da'at Mikra)
Verse 14:
וישלח חזקיה מלך יהודה
אל מלך אשור לכישה לאמור חטאתי שוב מעלי את אשר תיתן עלי אשא וישם מלך אשור על
חזקיה מלך יהודה שלוש מאות כיכר כסף ושלושים כיכר זהב
חטאתי שוב מעלי את
אשר תיתן עלי אשא
1.* Although Hizkiyahu seems to want conciliation, he does not say that he sinned to the king of Assyria - but merely says "I sinned", leaving the statement ambiguous. What he really means is that he sinned to Hashem. (Da'at Sofrim)
2. Hizkiyahu acknowledges his sin as being that of rebelling against the king of Assyria, and not paying him tribute. (Metzudat David)
3. Hizkiyahu is willing to accept whatever punishment the king wishes to place on him. (Radak)
וישם מלך אשור על חזקיה
מלך יהודה שלוש מאות כיכר כסף
This was an enormous sum of money. (Da'at Sofrim)
It is important that the students read (either in class, or as homework in preparation for the class) Divrei Hayamim II 32:1-8. They should note that Hizkiyahu prepared himself for the confrontation with Assyria in three ways: תפילה, דורון ומלחמה - prayer, gifts, and preparation for war. They should compare this to the actions of Yaakov Avinu in Bereishit 32.
The Mishnah in Pesachim 4:9 notes six outstanding actions of Hizkiyahu. The sages approved of three of them (for example, his destroying of the bronze serpent), and disapproved of the other three. One of the actions they disapproved of was his taking the gold from the Temple and giving it as a present to Assyria. They felt that Hizkiyah should have had more faith in Hashem. The Da'at Sofrim suggests that this disapproval is the reason that this story is not brought in Divrei Hayamim: Ezra did not want to record a deed which should not be emulated. The sages criticize him also for closing off the water supply near Jerusalem so that the Assyrians would not be able to use it. This also showed lack of faith, and caused damage to the Jews themselves. The teacher should emphasize that the Hizkiyahu's outstanding character feature is his faith in Hashem, and therefore he is judged very meticulously in matters regarding this faith.
Verse 15:
ויתן חזקיה את כל הכסף
הנמצא בית ה' ובאוצרות בית המלך
ויתן חזקיה את כל
הכסף הנמצא בית ה'
* The narrator does not refer to Hizkiyahu here as king, since his action is not one which befits a king. Only at the end of verse 16, where his original act of overlaying the doors of the Temple with gold is mentioned, is he accorded the title of king. (Da'at Sofrim)
Verse 16:
בעת ההיא קיצץ חזקיה
את דלתות היכל ה' ואת האומנות אשר ציפה חזקיה מלך יהודה ויתנם למלך אשור
קיצץ חזקיה את דלתות
היכל ה'
Hizkiyahu stripped the gold off the doors. (Metzudat David)
ואת האומנות
Hizkiyahu stripped the gold off the thresholds as well. (Metzudat Zion)
Verse 17:
וישלח מלך אשור את
תרתן ואת רב סריס ואת רבשקה מן לכיש אל המלך חזקיהו בחיל כבד ירושלים ויעלו ויבואו
ירושלים ויעלו ויבואו ויעמדו בתעלת הבריכה העליונה אשר במסילת שדה כובס
וישלח מלך אשור
1. The king of Assyria had requested the tribute out of trickery, since he intended to attack Jerusalem anyway. (Metzudat David)
2.* Assyria attacked after Hizkiyah refused to pay this same tribute every year. (Radak on verse 14)
אשר במסילת שדה כובס
This was the place where they used to lay out their clothes in order to launder them. (Rashi)
Verse 18:
ויקראו אל המלך ויצא
אליהם אליקים בן חלקיהו אשר על הבית ושבנה הסופר ויואח בן אסף המזכיר
המזכיר
Yoah ben Asaf was responsible for keeping the kings' chronicles. (Metzudat David)
Verse 19:
ויאמר אליהם רבשקה
אמרו נא אל חזקיהו כה אמר המלך הגדול מלך אשור מה הבטחון הזה אשר בטחת
אמרו נא אל חזקיהו כה
אמר המלך הגדול מלך אשור
Ravshakeh does not refer to Hizkiyahu has king, to hint that Hizkiyahu's kingship is nearing its end. This is in contrast to the "great king", the king of Assyria, who is the king over all kings and who will abolish Hizkiyahu's kingship. (Me'am Lo'ez)
It is important for ths students to notice such nuances as the use - or lack of use - of the title "king of Yehudah" for Hizkiyahu.
מה הבטחון הזה אשר
בטחת
Ravshakeh wanted to know from where Hizkiyahu got his new strength and his courage to rebel against Assyria. He also wanted to know why he was not keeping his word,which was את אשר תיתן עלי אשא (verse 14). (Ralbag)
Verse 20:
אמרת אך דבר שפתיים
עצה וגבורה למלחמה עתה על מי בטחת כי מרדת בי
אמרת אך דבר שפתיים
עצה וגבורה למלחמה
1.* Ravshakeh is telling Hizkiyahu that although Hizkiyahu thinks it is enough to pray in order to be saved, a person also needs good sense and courage to fight. (Radak)
2.* Ravshakeh is telling Hizkiyahu that although Hizkiyahu probably reassured his people that he possesses good sense and courage, these are empty words - mere דבר שפתיים - movement of the lips, and these are the only weapons that Hizkiyahu possesses. (Radak)
3. Ravshakeh is telling Hizkiyahu that taking council (עצה) is not enough in order to fight; one needs it together with גבורה - power, if one wants to win a war. (Metzudat David)
*Each commentator understands the phrase אך דבר שפתיים differently. The first view Radak brings sees it as referring to prayer. The second one he brings understands it as meaning words of encouragement to the people. Metzudat David connects it with the following words, so that it refers to taking council.
The teacher can assign the students the task of explaining the end of the verse according to each view.
עתה על מי בטחת כי
מרדת בי
Since Hizkiyahu is also in need of strength, Ravshakeh is asking him upon whom he is relying, who can give it to him. (Metzudat David)
Verse 21:
עתה הנה בטחת לך על
משענת הקנה הרצוץ הזה על מצרים אשר ייסמך איש עליו ובא בכפו ונקבה כן פרעה מלך
מצרים לכל הבוטחים עליו
הנה בטחת לך על
משענת הקנה הרצוץ הזה על מצרים
* The king of Egypt was an enemy of the king of Assyria. Therefore Ravshakeh assumes that the king of Egypt was the only possible power that would agree to help Hizkiyahu in his fight against Assyria. (Me'am Lo'ez)
אשר ייסמך איש עליו
ובא בכפו ונקבה
Ravshakeh describes Egypt as a broken reed that cannot be relied on for support. Even more, relying on a broken reed can be dangerous - its splintering end can puncture the hand of whoever leans on it. (Metzudat David)
Verse 22:
וכי תאמרון אלי אל ה'
אלוקינו בטחנו הלוא הוא אשר הסיר חזקיהו את במותיו ואת מזבחותיו ויאמר ליהודה
ולירושלים לפני המזבח הזה תשתחוו בירושלים
הלוא הוא אשר הסיר
חזקיהו את במותיו... ויאמר ליהודה ולירושלים לפני המזבח הזה תשתחוו בירושלים
1.* Ravshakeh was insinuating that Hizkiyahu's destruction of all altars except for the Temple's was done for personal motives. He contended that Hizkiyahu did it so that everyone would honor him, by praying only in his Temple. Therefore, Hashem will not help him. (Radak)
2. Hizkiyahu destroyed many places that were holy to G-d. Therefore, G-d, in retaliation, will not help Hizkiyahu. (Metzudat David)
Verse 23:
ועתה התערב נא את
אדוני את מלך אשור ואתנה לך אלפיים סוסים אם תוכל לתת לך רוכבים עליהם
ועתה התערב נא את
אדוני את מלך אשור ואתנה לך אלפיים סוסים
1. Ravshakeh is willing to enter into a deal with Hizkiyahu. If Hizkiyahu will promise to submit to his forces, then Assyria will provide him with 2,000 horses. (Ralbag)
2.* Ravshakeh is challenging Hizkiyahu: The only help Hizkiyahu can get from Egypt is horses, so Ravshakeh is offering to supply these horses if Hizkiyahu can provide the riders for them. (Malbim on Yeshayahu 36:8)
The story of Hizkiyahu and the siege of Jerusalem is brought in Yeshayahu, chapters 36-39, nearly word-for-word. Therefore, the Malbim brings his commentary only on Yeshayahu, claiming that the version there is the original one.
אם תוכל לתת לך
רוכבים
Ravshakeh is ridiculing Hizkiyahu, since he is aware that Hizkiyahu does not have that many riders. (Metzudat David)
Verse 24:
ואיך תשיב את פני פחת
אחד עבדי אדוני הקטנים ותבטח לך על מצרים לרכב ולפרשים
ואיך תשיב את פני פחת
אחד עבדי אדוני הקטנים
The smallest captain in the Assyrian army was in charge of 2,000 horses. Ravshakeh was ridiculing Hizkiyahu that he would be no match even for the smallest segment of that army. (Metzudat David)
Verse 25:
עתה המבלעדי ה' עליתי
על המקום הזה להשחיתו ה' אמר אלי עלה על הארץ הזאת והשחיתה
ה' אמר אלי עלה על
הארץ הזאת והשחיתה
1. Ravshakeh is referring to the Yeshayahu's prophecy - see Yeshayahu 8:4. He was mistaken in assuming that the prophecy to Shomron included Jerusalem as well. (Metzudat David)
2.* Ravshakeh contends that he is Hashem's agent. He is fighting against Hizkiyahu since Hizkiyahu destroyed the altars of Hashem. See verse 22, above. (Malbim on Yeshayahu 36:10)
The Malbim understands this whole section as the development of one theme: Ravshakeh is taunting Hizkiyahu, telling him that he can rely neither on Hashem, nor on Egypt.
Verse 26:
ויאמר אליקים בן
חלקיהו ושבנה ויואח אל רבשקה דבר נא אל עבדיך ארמית כי שומעים אנחנו ואל תדבר עמנו
יהודית באזני העם אשר על החומה
דבר נא אל עבדיך
ארמית
Since they served in the royal palace, they knew many languages, including Aramaic. (Rashi)
ואל תדבר עמנו יהודית
באזני העם אשר על החומה
1. The Hebrew language was called יהודית, since Yehudah was the main tribe of the kingdom. (Malbim on Yeshayahu 36:11)
2. The dignitaries did not want the people to hear Ravshakeh's words. They argued that it is not right to discuss these military matters in public. (Metzudat David)
3.* The dignitaries did not want the people to be frightened by Ravshakeh's words, since they might then give up and stop defending the walls of the city. (Ralbag)
Verse 27:
ויאמר אליהם רבשקה העל
אדוניך ואליך שלחני אדוני לדבר את הדברים האלה הלוא על האנשים היושבים על החומה
לאכול את צואתם (קרי)/חוריהם (כתיב) ולשתות את מימי רגליהם (קרי)/שיניהם (כתיב)
עמכם
העל אדוניך ואליך
שלחני
Ravshakeh asks incredulously, whether they thought that the king had sent him to speak only to them - clearly, he had been sent to intimidate the rest of the people of the city as well. (Metzudat David)
לאכול את
צואתם/חוריהם
Ravshakeh warned the people that if they do not surrender, there will be a siege, resulting in a terrible famine, to the point that people will be forced to eat their own body excretions. (Metzudat David)
עמכם
The officers would also be forced into this situation. (Metzudat David)
Verse 28:
ויעמוד רבשקה ויקרא
בקול גדול יהודית וידבר ויאמר שמעו דבר המלך הגדול מלך אשור
וידבר ויאמר
1. The expression is repeated, for emphasis. (Metzudat David)
2.* He spoke harshly to the king's servants, and softly to the people. He also stood when he spoke to the people, to draw them close to his cause by showing them honor. (Me'am Lo'ez)
שמעו דבר המלך הגדול
"The great king" - in contrast to Hizkiyahu, who was very weak. (Malbim on Yeshayahu 36:13)
Verse 31:
אל תשמעו אל חזקיהו כי
כה אמר מלך אשור עשו אתי ברכה וצאו אלי ואכלו איש גפנו ואיש תאנתו ושתו איש מי
בורו
עשו אתי ברכה
Ravshakeh is offering them to come and greet the king of Assyria in peace. (Rashi)
וצאו אלי ואכלו איש
גפנו ואיש תאנתו
He is offering them to leave the besieged city, and to wander among their orchards. (Metzudat David)
Verse 32:
עד בואי ולקחתי אתכם
אל ארץ כארצכם ארץ דגן ותירוש ארץ לחם וכרמים ארץ זית יצהר ודבש וחיו ולא תמותו
ואל תשמעו אל חזקיהו כי יסית אתכם לאמור ה' יצילנו
עד בואי ולקחתי אתכם
It was the nature of Assyria, after conquering a land, to take its inhabitants and scatter them among many other nations (see Melachim II 17:24, where it is told which nations were brought to live in Shomron after its capture).
The Gemara states in Berachot 28a: בא סנחריב ובלבל את כל האומות. He did this in order to prevent the conquered nations from rebelling - being so scattered and mixed among other nations, it would be impossible for them to rebel. (Abarbanel)
אל ארץ כארצכם
Ravshakeh did not promise them a better land than Israel, because that would be lying. (Rashi)
וחיו
If they were to stay in Jerusalem, they would surely die, so he is inviting them to live. (Metzudat David)
Verse 34:
איה אלוהי חמת וארפד
איה אלוהי ספרוויים הנע ועיווה כי הצילו את שומרון מידי
איה אלוהי ספרוויים
הנע ועיווה
The gods of these nations did not save them from being
conquered by Assyria.
כי הצילו את שומרון
מידי
Ravshakeh is further implying that the deity of Shomron is part of this list of weak gods. (Metzudat David)
Ravshakeh was actually an Jew - an apostate, and this statement of his constituted clear blasphemy. (Radak on verse 36)
Verse 37:
ויבוא אליקים בן חלקיה
אשר על הבית ושבנא הסופר ויואח בן אסף המזכיר אל חזקיהו קרועי בגדים ויגיד לו דברי
רבשקה
קרועי בגדים
One is obligated to tear one's garments upon hearing such blasphemy against Hashem. (Metzudat David)
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